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"What is a pitch raise, and does my piano need one?"
Short Answer:
It is an extra tuning to give your piano stability, and your piano needs one if it is incredibly out of tune.
Long Answer:
It is usually called a pitch raise because most pianos that are irregularly tuned are flat, or below pitch.
In reality the term should be pitch adjustment, because sometimes pianos are excessively sharp or above pitch.
Imagine you have a glass that is half full of water; this will represent your piano when it is at pitch (A440Hz).
If a piano has not been tuned for more than a year it can become very sharp or very flat.
So now imagine that your glass of water is almost empty or a quarter full.
This would be a flat piano.
If a piano tuner were to tune your piano back to standard pitch, you might think that would be like filling the glass back to exactly half way, but because the piano is made of metal and wood under enormous amounts of tension, it doesn’t exactly work that way.
If the tuner tuned the piano back to pitch, it would actually drop the tuning by 25% by the time they finished tuning, even before they get out the door.
That’s like filling the glass back to half way, and then magically the water level drops by 25% of whatever you put in.
This is because the metal and wood actually absorb some of the tension that you used to bring it back up to pitch.
So how do piano tuners overcome this?
They do a pitch raise (pitch adjustment).
They actually tune the piano past where they want it so by the time they are done it settles down to the actual pitch they want.
Then in the same visit they have to tune the piano again with a final tuning.
Anytime the tension in a piano changes this much, you have to do the second tuning because otherwise the first tuning is not stable or clean at all.
So back to our glass of water, if it is almost empty, we need to fill it up past the half way point so that when the water magically disappears (tension is absorbed by the piano itself) it ends up very close to the halfway mark.
At that point we can do the “final tuning” by adding or taking away a few drops of water to make it perfect.
How do I know if my piano needs a pitch adjustment?
In general situations, anytime a grand piano is 4% too sharp or too flat, and anytime an upright is 10% too sharp or too flat, these instruments need a pitch adjustment prior to the final tuning.
Otherwise the client cannot expect a clean and stable tuning up to pitch in just one pass.
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